As mission critical designers and engineers, we are often asked to explain the concept of redundancy. After all, a system’s redundancy can have a major effect on availability, reliability, maintainability, and total cost of ownership. Often, one of the first design decision made relates to redundancy. In recent years the waters have been muddied with terms like “distributed redundancy”, “3 to make 2”, and “catcher systems”. In this article we will explain the different levels

In 2018, ASHRAE released a new guideline which has been years in the making and is based largely on (Research Project) RP-1455 research. The purpose of the guideline is to provide a standard for the development, implementation, and commissioning of the sequence of operations for HVAC systems. This original release deals mainly with Variable Air Volume (VAV) equipment with plans to cover additional mechanical cooling and heating equipment in future addendums. The main purpose